Faruk

INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF AIRCRAFT ENGINE EMISSION

Aircraft engines produce emissions that are similar to other emissions resulting from fossil fuel combustion. However, aircraft emissions are unusual in that a significant proportion is emitted at altitude. These emissions give rise to important environmental concerns regarding their global impact and their effect on local air quality at ground level.A comprehensive assessment concerning aviation's contribution to global atmospheric problems is contained in the Special Report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere, which was prepared at ICAO's request by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in collaboration with the Scientific Assessment Panel to the Montreal
 Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and was published in 1999. This told us inte


alia:

1. that aircraft emit gases and particles which alter the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases, trigger the formation of 
2. condensation trails and may increase cirrus cloudiness, all of which contribute to climate change; and
3. that aircraft are estimated to contribute about 3.5 per cent of the total radiative forcing (a measure of change in climate) by all human activities and that this percentage, which excludes the effects of possible changes in cirrus clouds, was projected to grow.

 EMISSION CERTIFICATION

Aircraft are required to meet the environmental certification standards adopted by the Council of ICAO. These are contained in Annex 16 (Environmental Protection) to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. This Annex at present consists of two volumes, viz., Volume I: Aircraft Noise and Volume II: Aircraft Engine Emissions. These certification Standards have been designed
and are kept up to date in order to respond to concerns regarding environmental impact of aviation on
communities in the vicinity of airports as well as society at large.

More recently, ICAO, under the CAEP process, has undertaken an effort to establish medium and long-term environmental goals relating to three types of technologies, viz., noise, NO_x, and fuel burn. In addition, assessments of environmental improvements expected from operational initiatives in the
medium and long term are also underway. This process is being led by panels of independent experts
to ensure transparency and involvement from all stakeholders. The purpose of this goal setting exercise is to provide stretch yet reasonable targets for industry R&D to aim at in cooperation with
States.

In October 2010 the 37th Assembly (Resolution A37-19) requested the development of an ICAO
CO₂ EmissionsXx Standard.On 11 July 2012, global aviation moved an important step closer to


establishing the worldwide Aircraft CO₂Emissions Standard when the CAEP reached a unanimous
agreement on a CO₂ metric system to underpin the CO2 Standard. For more details see this ICAO
fact sheet: "Aircraft CO2 Emissions Standard metric system​". And The Engine Fuel Venting and 
Exhaust Emissions certification requirements (14 CFR Part 34) apply to civil airplanes that are powered by aircraft gas turbine engines of the classes specified in the rule. The engines must have U.S. standard airworthiness certificates or foreign airworthiness certificates that are equivalent to 


U.S. standard airworthiness certificates.

U.S. manufactured gas turbine engines or foreign manufactured gas turbine engines that are installed in U.S. manufactured Part 23 or Part 25 aircraft must show compliance to the 14 CFR Part 34 fuel venting and exhaust emissions requirements. The people who are set to authorize emission certification is The Secretary of Transportation is mandated, by authority of Section 232 of the Clean Air Act (CAA), to "prescribe regulations to insure compliance with all standards prescribed ��� by the Administrator" (of the Environmental Protection Agency).

The EPA, similarly, gets its authority from Section 231 of the CAA that mandates EPA to determine
"the extent to which such emissions affect air quality in air quality regions throughout the United States," and "the technological feasibility of controlling such emissions."

The EPA sets the Emissions Standards and FAA sets and administers the Certification Requirements for aircraft and engines to demonstrate compliance with the Emissions Standards.

In addition, Section 233 of the CAA prohibits states and local communities from setting their own
standards.

CONTROLLED EMISSION

The United States recently submitted an information paper to the United Nation’s International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) that sets out a timeframe for initiating the U.S. domestic regulatory process for addressing greenhouse gas emissions from aircraft under the Clean Air Act

Beginning the domestic regulatory process lays the groundwork for adopting the

international standards currently being developed through ICAO’s Committee on Aviation and Environmental Protection (CAEP), and it responds to the D.C. District

Court’s ruling requiring EPA to determine whether greenhouse gas emissions from aircraft cause or contribute to air pollution that may be reasonably anticipated to endanger public health or welfare. The information paper indicates that, under the agency’s current schedule, EPA intends to propose its findings in late April 2015, with

final determinations expected in spring 2016. 

EPA will follow notice and comment rulemaking procedures for this initial proposed action, providing ample opportunity for stakeholders and the public to provide input, and ensuring transparency.